(The Clash of Values)
The two sources of greatest potential happiness for people are:
productive work and romantic love.
Ethics, or moral philosophy, ask questions like these: What is the good life? Are there such things as moral duties and obligations that bind us? That is, is there something we truly ought to do? Are some moral arguments "better" than others, or are all of them equally valid or invalid? Are values absolute, or are they relative to time and place?
Again notice that these questions are not experimental or empirical. Psychologist may be able to tell us why people hold the moral values they do hold. Sociologist and anthropologist may tell us whether any values are held by all cultures and what the social consequences are of holding certain values. But these questions are not the same ones philosophy ask, though empirical information about value is provided by the social sciences may be pertinent to philosophical questions about morality.
The Socratic paradoxes of character, that "virtue is knowledge,"
and that "no one does wrong on purpose."
Handouts, Links, Outlines & Bibliography
Handouts
PHIL 12 - Ethics
What is Happiness? What is the Good Life?
Ancient Philosophy's Hardest Question:
What to make of Oneself?
by George E. Derfer
by Charles Young
by Charles Young
by Charles Young
Ethics Class Handouts:
Notes on the ethics of Socrates (handout d)
Plato’s View of Soul and Society (handout e)
Principal Themes of Yang Chu (handout g)
Principal Doctrines of Mo Tzu (handout h)
St. Thomas Aquinas (handout j)
Absolutism and Relativism (flowchart)
Aristotle's Ethics: Virtues and Vices
American Business and Its Basis-
E.A.G.L.E.
Environmental Action Group for a Livable Earth
(Environmental Ethics)
Ethics Flowchart & Text
Model for Personal and Organizational Development
Requirements for Moral Judgments
Outlines
History of Ethics in Ancient Western Philosophy Outline:
Ethics: History of Ancient Western Philosophy
History of Ethics after the Greeks in Western Philosophy Outline:
Christianity
St. Augustine
Aquinas
Luther
Machiavelli
Hobbes
Spinoza
New Values
The British
The French
Kant
Hegel
The Philosophy of Right Translated with Notes
by T. M. Knox, 1952
Marx
Kierkegaard
Nietzsche
Dewey
Ross
Sartre
Rawls
Reformers
Utilitarians
Idealist
Modern Moral Philosophy 1600-1800
Schools of modern moral philosophy
The School of Natural Law
Francisco Suarez: 1548-1617
On Law and God the Lawgiver: 1612
Hugo Grotius: 1583-1645
On the Law of War and Peace: 1625
Samuel Pufendorf: 1632-1688
On the Law of Nature and of Nations: 1672
John Locke: 1632-1704
An Essay Concerning the Understanding: 1690
The Reasonableness of Christianity: 1695
The Modern Sense School
Third Earl of Shaftesbury: 1671-1713
An Inquiry Concerning Virtue or Merit: 1711
Francis Hutcheson: 1694-1746
An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue: 1725
Joseph Butler: 1692-1752
Fifteen Sermons: 1726
David Hume: 1711-1776
A Treatise of Human Nature: 1739-1740
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals: 1751
The German Line
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: 1646-1716
Discourse: 1686
Theodicy: 1710
Christian Wolff: 1679-1754
Vernunftige Gedanken von Menschrn Tun und Lassen: 1720
Christian August Crusius: 1715-1775
Anweieisung vernunftig zu Leben: 1774
Immanuel Kant: 1724-1806
Grundlegung: 1785
Critique of Practical Reason: 1788
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: 1770-1831
Philosophy of Right: 1821
The Rational Intuitionists
Samuel Clarke: 1675-1729
Discourse Concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion: 1705
Richard Price: 1723-1791
A Review of the Principle Questions of Morals: 1758
Thomas Reid: 1710-1796
Essays on the Active Power of the Human Mind: 1788
Outline from: John Rawls
Lectures on Modern Moral Philosophy,
Links
Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions
Codes of Ethics Online at IIT
Ethics Updates at USD
Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at SCU
Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy
Professor Duncan's site at Baylor University:
History of Moral Philosophy
by Plato
The Republic of Plato
Translated, with Notes, An Interpretive Essay, and a New Introduction
by Allan Bloom, 1991
Plato Republic
Translated from the New Standard Greek Text, with Introduction
by C. D. C. Reeve, 2004
Nicomachean Ethics
by Aristotle
Translated by Matin Ostwald, 1962
Contents
Book One
1. The good as the aim of action 2. Politics as the master science of the good 3.The limitations of ethics and politics 4. Happiness is the good, but many views are held about it 5. Various views on the highest good 6. Plato's view of the Good 7. The good is final and self-sufficient; happiness defined 8.Popular views about happiness confirm our position 9. How happiness is acquired 10. Can a man be called "happy" during his lifetime? 11. Do the fortune of the living affect the dead? 12. The praise accorded to happiness 13. The psychological foundations of the virtues
Book Two
1. Moral virture as the result of habits 2. Method in the practical sciences 3. Pleasure and pain as the test of virture 4. Virtuous action and virtue 5. Virture definied: the genus 6. Virture definined the differentia 7. Examples of the mean in partictulat virtures 8. The relation between the mean and its extremes 9. How to attain the mean
Book Three
1. Actions voluntary and involuntaty 2. Choice 3. Deliberation 4. Wish 5. Man as responsible agent 6. Courage and its sphere of operation 7. Courage: its nature and its opposites 8. Qualities similar to courage 9. Courage: its relation to pleasure and pain 10. Self-control and its sphere of operation 11. Self-control: its nature and its opposites 12. Self-indulgence
Book Four
1. Generosity, extravagance, and stinginess 2. Magnificence, vulgarity, and niggardliness 3. High-mindedness, pettiness, and vanity 4. Ambition and lack of ambition as the extremes of a nameless virtue 5. Gentleness, short temper, and apathy 6. Friendliness, obsquiousness, and grouchiness 7. Truthfulness, boastfulness, and self-depreciation 8. Wittiness, buffoonery, and boorshness 9. Shame and shamlessness
Book Five
1. The different kinds of justice: complete justice 2. Partial justice: just action as distribution and as rectification 3. Just action as fairness in distribution 4. Just action as rectification 5. Just asction as reciprocity in the economic life of the state 6. What is just in the political sense 7. Just by nature and just by convention 8. The various degress of responsibility for just and unjust action 9. Voluntariness and involuntariness in just and unjust action and suffering 10. Equity and the equitable 11. Is it possible to be unjust toward oneself?
Book Six
1. Moral and intellectual excellence; the psychological foundations of intellectual excellence 2. The two kinds of intellectual excellence and their objects 3. The qualities by which truth is obtained: (a) pure science of knowledge 4. (b) Art or applied science 5. Practical wisdom 6. (d) Intelligence 7. (e) Theoretical wisdom 8. Practical wisdom and politics 9. Practical wisdom and excellence in deliberation 10. Practical wisdom and understanding 11. Practical wisdom and good sense 12. The use of theoretical and practical wisdom 13. Practical wisdom and moral virtue
Book Seven
1. Moral strength and moral weakness: their relation to virtue and vice and current beliefs about them 2. Problems in the current beliefs about moral strength and moral weakness 3. Some problems solved: moral weakness and knowledge 4. More problems solved: the sphere in which moral moral weakness operates 5. Moral weakness and brutishness 6. Moral weakness in anger 7. Moral strength and moral weakness: tenacity and softness 8. Moral weakness and self-indulgence 9. Steadfastness in moral strength and moral weakness 10. Moral weakness and practical wisdom 11. Pleasure: some current views 12. The views discussed: Is pleasure a good thing? 13. The views discussed: Is pleasure the highest good? 14. The views discussed: Are most pleasures bad?
Book Eight
1. Why we need friendship 2. The three things worthy of affection 3. The three kinds of friendship 4. Perfect friendship and imperfect friendship 5. Friendship as a characteristic and as an activity 6. Additional observations on the three kinds of friendship 7. Friendship between unequals 8. Giving and receiving affection 9. Friendship and justice in the state 10. The different political systems 11. Friendship and justice in the different political systems 12. Friendship within the family 13. What equal friends owe to one another 14. What unequal friends owe to one another
Book Nine
1. How to measure what friends owe to one another 2. Conflicting obligations 3. When friendships are dissolved 4. Self-love as the basis of friendship 5. Friendship and good will 6. Friendship and concord 7. Good deeds and affection 8. Self-love 9. Friendship and happiness 10. How many friends should we have? 11. Friendship in good and in bad fortune 12. Friends must live together
Book Ten
1. The two views about pleasure 2. Eudoxus' view: pleasure is the good 3. The view that pleasure is evil 4. The true character of pleasure 5. The value of pleasure 6. Happiness and activity 7. Happiness, intelligence, and the contemplative life 8. The advantages of the contemplative life 9. Ethics and politics
Ethics
by Benedict De Spinoza
Translated by Edwin Curley
with an Introduction by Stuart Hampshire, 1994
Critique of Practical Reason
by Immanuel Kant, 1788
About Morality: the function is to distinguish morality from art
Kant on the Foundation of Morality
A Modern Version of the Grundlegung
Translated with Commentary by Brendam E. A. Liddell, 1970
Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals
by Immanuel Kant,
Translated by Lewis White Beck, 1976
Existentialism and Human Emotions
by Jean-Paul Sartre,
Translated by Bernard Frechtman, 1957
Gandhi on Non-Violence:
A Selection from the Writings of Mahatma Gandhi
Edited and with an Introduction
by Thomas Merton, 1965
Beyond Good and Evil:
Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future
by Friedrich Nietzsche
Translated with Commentary by Walter Kaufmann, 1966
On the Genealogy of Morals
by Friedrich Nietzsche
Translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, 1969
Human Nature and Conduct
by John Dewey, 1922/57
Ethics
by John Dewey and Tufts, 1932
Beauty and other Forms of Value
by S. Alexander, 1933
See Chapters XIII - XVII
History of Western Morals
by Crane Brinton, 1959/87
Theory of the Moral Life
by John Dewey, 1960
Elements for a Social Ethic:
The Role of Social Science in Public Policy
by Gibson Winter, 1966
Ethics and Education
by R. S. Peters, 1967
International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
Theory of Valuation
by John Dewey, 1969
Conflict of Ideals:
Changing Values in Western Society
by Luther Binkley, 1969
Reason in Ethics
by Stephen Toulmin, 1970
The Ethics of Ambiguity
by Simone de Beauvoir
Translated by Bernard Frechtman, 1970
A Short History of Ethics:
A history of moral philosophy from the Homeric Age to the Twentieth Century
by Alasdair MacIntyre, 1973
Moral Concepts
Edited by Joel Feinberg, 1970
The Moralist
by Allen Wheelis, 1973
Satisfaction of Interest and the Concept of Morality
by Stephen A. Smith, 1974
The Moral Writings of John Dewey
Edited by James Gouinlock, 1976
The Biological Origin of Human Values
By George Edgin Pugh, 1977
Public and Private Morality
by Stuart Hampshire, et. al. 1978
Culture and Value
by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Edited by G. H. Von Wright
Translated by Peter Winch, 1980
Science and Moral Priority:
Merging Mind, Brain, and Human Values
by Roger Sperry, 1983
Utilitarianism and Beyond
edited by Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams, 1983
After Virtue:
A Study in Moral Theory
by Alasdair MacIntyre, 1984
Ordinary Vices
by Judith N. Shklar, 1984
Secrets:
On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation
by Sissela Bok, 1984
Beyond Power:
On Women, Men, and Morals
by Marilyn French, 1985
Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy
by Bernard Williams, 1985
"Trust and Antitrust,"
by Annette Baier in Ethics, 96, January, 1986
Professional Ethics
by Michael D. Bayles, 1989
Ethics with Aristotle
by Sarah Broadie, 1991
Philosophy and Feminist Thinking
by Jean Grimshaw, 1991
LILA:
An Inquiry into Morals
by Robert Persig, 1991
Critiquing Moral Arguments
by Robert G. Pielke, 1992
Why be Moral?
by Archie J. Bahm, 1992
Human Morality
by Samuel Scheffler, 1992
Vice and Virtue in Everyday Life:
Introductory Readings in Ethics
by Christina Sommers and Fred Sommers, 1993
The Moral Animal:
Why we are the way we are:
The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology
by Robert Wright 1994
The Therapy of Desire:
Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics
by Martha Nessbaum, 1994
Plato's Ethics
by Terence Irwin, 1995
Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century
Edited by George Sessions, 1995
Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics
by Gisela Striker, 1996
The Origins of Virtue:
Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation
by Matt Ridley, 1996
A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues
by Andre Comte-Sponville
Translated by Catherine Temerson, 1996
Reason and Emotion
Essays on Ancient Moral Psychology and Ethical Theory
by John M. Cooper, 1999
Ethics:
Subjectivity and Truth
by Michel Foucault, 1997
The Hermeneutics of the Subject
by Michael Foucault, 2001
Flow:
The Psychology of Optimal Experience;
Steps toward Enhancing The Quality of Life
by Mihaly Ciksszentmihalyi, 1990
Environmental Ethics
by Joseph R. Des Jardins, 1997
A New Stoicism
by Lawrence C. Becker, 1998
Ethics for the New Millennium
by The Dalai Lama, 1999
Reason and Emotion:
Essays on Ancient Moral Psychology and Ethical Theory
by John M. Cooper, 1999
Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy
by John Rawls
Edited by Barbara Herman, 2000
The Organizational Self and Ethical Conduct:
Sunlit Virtue and Shadowed Resistance
by James A. Anderson and Elaine E. Englehardt, 2001
Upheavals of Thought:
The Intelligence of Emotions
by Martha C. Nussbaum, 2001
Happiness, Death and the Remainder of Life
by Jonathan Lear, 2001
Moral Freedom
The search for Virtue in a World of Choice
The Impossible Idea
That Defines the Way
We Live Now
by Alan Wolfe, 2001
What is Ancient Philosophy?
by Pierre Hadot, 2002
Ethics for Modern Life
by Raziel Abelson and Marie-Louise Friquegnon, 2003
Our Endangered Values:
America's Moral Crisis
by Jimmy Carter, 2005
The Death of Socrates
by Emily Wilson, 2007
Stumbling on Happiness
by Daniel Gilbert, 2007
On Ancient Philosophy
by John Peters, 2008
The Essential Marcus Aurelius
Newly Translated and Introduced
by Jacob Needleman and John P. Piazza, 2008
The Myths of Happiness:
What Should Make You Happy, but Doesn't
What Shouldn't Make You Happy, but Does
by Sonja Lyubomirsky, 2013
Simone Weil
Edited with an introduction
by Eric O. Springsted, 2013
A Natural History of Human Morality
by Michael Tomasello, 2016
Inside Ethics
On the Demands of Moral Thought
by Alice Crary, 2016
Bioethics
Should Trees Have Standing?
Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects
by Christopher D. Stone, 1974
Death, Dying, and the Biological Revolution:
Out Last Quest for Responsibility
by Robert M. Veatch, 1976
Ethics at the Edges of Life:
Medical and Legal Intersections
by Paul Ramsey, 1978
Volume III
The Foundations of Ethics
and its Relationship to Science
Morals Science and Sociality
Edited by H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
and Daniel Callahan, 1978
Volume IV
The Foundations of Ethics
and its Relationship to Science
Knowing and Valuing:
The Search for Common Roots
Edited by H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
and Daniel Callahan, 1978
Bioethics:
A Textbook of Issues
by George H. Kieffer, 1979
Biomedical Ethics
by Thomas A. Mappes and Jane S. Zembaty, 1986
The Race For What Is Left:
The Global Scramble For The World's Last Resources
by Michael T. Klare, 2012
Business Ethics
Ethical Theory and Business
By Tom L. Beauchamp and Norman E. Bowie, 1983
Business as Ethical and Business as Usual
Text, Readings, and Cases
By Sterling Harwood, 1996
Moral Issues in Business
By William H. Shaw and Vincent Barry, 1998
Environmental Ethics
Los Angeles Times
OPINION Sunday, May 11, 2008
Civilization's last chance
The planet is at a tipping point on climate change, and it gets much worse, fast. By Bill McKibben who is the co-founder of Project 350 devoted to reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to 350 parts per million.
Website at: www.350.org.
The Sea Around Us
by Rachel Carson, 1951
Silent Spring
by Rachel Carson, 1962/2002
E.A.G.L.E.
Environmental Action Group for a Livable Earth
A Primer of Ecological Principles
by Richard J. Vogl, 1976/2003
Green Paradise Lost
by Elizabeth Dodson Gray, 1973
Should Trees Have Standing?
Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects
by Christopher D. Stone, 1974
Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century
Edited by George Sessions, 1995
Environmental Ethics
by Joseph R. Des Jardins, 1997
Environmental Ethics
by Paul Pojman and Louis P. Pojman, 2010
Pope Francis's ecology encyclical, Laudato Si (Praised Be)
The Papal Encyclical: Hear the Cry of the Earth, June 18, 2015
Saved by the Sea:
Hope, Heartbreak and Wonder in the Blue World
by David Helvarg, 2015
The End of Nature
(On Global Warming)
by Bill McKibben, 2006
Falter:
Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out?
by Bill McKibben, 2019
The New Climate War
by Michael Mann, 2020
The Republic of Plato
Contents
PART I
(Book I). Some Current Views Of Justice
Chap. I (i. 327-331d). Cephalus. Justice as Honesty in word and deed
II (331e-336 a). Polemarchus. Justice as Helping Friends and Harming Enemies
III (336 b-347 e). Thrasymachus. Justice as the Interest of the Stronger
IV (347 e-354 c). Thrasymachus. Is Injustice more profitable than Justice?
Part II
(Books II-IV, 445 b). Justice in the State and in the Individual
V (ii. 357 a-367 e). The Problem stated
VI (367 e-372 a). The Rudiments of Social Organization
VII (372 a-374 e). The Luxurious State
VIII (375 a-376 e). The Guardians’ Temperament
IX (376 e-iii. 412 b). Primary Education of the Guardians
1 (376 e-iii. 392 c) Censorship of Literature for School Use
2 (392 c-398 b). The Influence of Dramatic Recitation
3 (398 c-400 c). Musical Accompaniment and Metre
4 (400 c-403 c). The Aim of Education in Poetry and Music
5 (403 c-412 b). Physical Training. Physicians and Judges
X (412 b-iv. 421 c) Selection of Rulers: The Guardians’ Manner of Living
XI (421c-427 c). The Guardians’ Duties
XII (427 c-434 d). The Virtues of the State
XIII (434 d-441 c). The Three Parts of the Soul
XIV (441 c-445 b). The Virtues of the Individual
Part II
(Book IV, 445 b-v, 471 c). The position of Women and the Usages of War
XV (445 b-457 b). The Equality of Women
XVI (457 b-466 d). Abolition of the Family for the Guardians
XVII (466 d-471 c). Usages of War
Part III
(Book V, 471c-VII). The Philosopher King
XVIII (471c-474 b). The Paradox: Philosophers must be Kings
XIX (474b-480). Definition of the Philosopher. The Two Worlds
XX (vi.. 484 a-487 a). The Philosophers fitness to Rule
XXI(487 b-497 a). Why the Philosophic Nature is useless or corrupted in existing society
XXII (497 a-502 c). A Philosophic Ruler is not an Impossibility
XXIII (502 c-509 c). The Good as the Highest Object of Knowledge
XXIV (509 d-511 e). Four Stages of Cognition. The Line
XXV (vii. 514 a-521 b). The Allegory of the Cave
XXVI (521 c-531 c). Higher Education. Mathematics
1 (524 d-526c). Arithmetic
2 (526 c-527 c). Geometry
3 (527 d-528 e). Solid Geometry
4(528 e-530 c). Astronomy
5 (530 c-531 c). Harmonics
XXVII (531 c-535 a). Dialectic
XXVIII (535 a-541 b). Programme of Studies
Part IV
(Books VIII-IX). The Decline of Society and of The Soul.
Comparison of the Just and Unjust Lives
XXIX (viii. 543 a-550 c). The Fall of the Ideal State.
Timocracy and the Timocratic Man
XXX (550 c-555 b). Oligarchy (Plutocracy) and the Oligarchic Man
XXXI (555 b-562 a). Democracy and the Democratic Man
XXXII (562 a-ix. 576b) Despotism and the Despotic Man
XXXIII (576 b-588 a). The Just and Unjust Lives compared in respect of Happiness
XXXIV (588 b-592 b). Justice, not Injustice, is profitable
Part V
(Book X, 595 a-608 b). The Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry
XXXV (x. 595 a-602 b). How Representation in Art is related to Truth
XXXVI (602 c-605 c). Dramatic Poetry appeals to the Emotions not to the Reason
XXXVII (605 c-608 b). The Effect of Dramatic Poetry on Character
Part VI
(Book X, 608 c-end). Immortality and The Rewards of Justice
XXXIII (608 c-612 a). A Proof of Immortality
XXXIX (612 a-613 e). The Rewards of Justice in this Life
XL (613 e-end). The Rewards of Justice after Death. The Myth of Er
| Last Updated: 10/19/22 |
